Per gli egizi l’ombra era intesa sia come “ombra di oggetti”, a difesa del calore del sole, sia come “ombra di persone”.
L’ombra era considerata uno degli elementi spirituali che si univa al corpo per tradurne l’intima essenza.
Legata al corpo del defunto, l’ombra spariva al momento della morte per poi ricongiungersi al defunto quando usciva dalla tomba e vi faceva successivo ritorno.
Secondo i Testi dei Sarcofagi l’ombra esercitava, come il ba, una funzione vivificante, era cioè in grado di trasmettere al defunto forza attinta direttamente dalla divinità.
Si legge nella formula 488:
”O mio ba,
mio spirito (akh)
mia ombra,
tu apri i battenti della finestra celeste essendo compagno dell’orizzonte;
tu hai l’uso delle tue gambe;
come ba-vivente,
signore di prestigio fra gli dei come Osiride.
Va,
o mio ba,
o mia ombra,
per vedere Ra nel suo santurario.
Guardiani delle porte del cielo superiore aprite la strada al ba,
al mio spirito (akh),
alla mia ombra;
essi portano Maat a Ra”.
L’ombra può silenziosamente spostarsi nella Duat, dove il morto era condannato all’immobilità.
Secondo il capitolo 92 del Libro dei Morti il ba e l’ombra possono uscire dalla tomba e muoversi a loro piacimento non potendo essere fermati dai guardiani di Osiride.
Nel capitolo 91 compaiono invocazioni al dio affinché non ostacoli il cammino del defunto, ovvero del suo ba, del suo potere spirituale ed infine della sua ombra.
L’ombra, avendo un ruolo importante nel giudizio dei morti, poteva essere sottoposta a punizioni come avveniva del resto anche per il ba e l’akh.
Già in tempi molto antichi si ha notizia di demoni divoratori in grado di minacciare le ombre.
Nel Libro dell’Amduat raffigurato sulle pareti di Thutmosi III, nella terza ora della notte vi è l’invito imperioso rivolto da Ra agli dei della Duat:
”Ecco cosa essi devono fare nell’Occidente:
arrostire e fare a pezzi i ba,
imprigionare le ombre,
sterminare coloro che non sono nel loro luogo di distruzione.
Essi accendono le fiamme,
essi fanno sì che i nemici brucino sulle punte dei loro coltelli”.
Nella settima ora della notte, Ra rivolto ai nemici di Osiride rinnova il desiderio che siano puniti i ba e le ombre dei malvagi.
”La maestà di questo dio dice:
Voi che agiste perfidamente contro Osiride,
che vi ribellaste a “Colui che a capo della Duat”,
possano essere legate le vostre braccia e le vostre ombre imprigionate.
Vi colpisce con il suo coltello “Colui che punisce con la morte”,
non sfuggirete alla sua guardia per l’eternità”.
Nell’ undicesima ora è descritta la scena della punizione alla quale vengono sottoposti i nemici di Osiride, così come i loro ba e le loro ombre.
Horus si appoggia ad un bastone e impugna con la mano destra uno scettro a forma di serpente.
Set-heh (colui che brucia un’infinità) è il nome di un serpente ritto sulla coda intento a sputare fuoco. Cinque dee armate di coltelli sono davanti a sei tumuli di sabbia che contengono nemici, ba, ombre, teste di nemici e nemici capovolti.
Al di sopra dei tumuli appare la parola “fossa”.
Il testo:
La maestà di questo dio ordina di fare strage di coloro che assalirono suo padre Osiride.
Giacciono i cadaveri dei nemici, i corpi dei morti, coloro che sono capovolti, coloro che sono impediti nel camminare e che sono stati annientati.
Io (Horus) sono uscito da lui, mio padre colpisce dopo essere stato debole.
Siano puniti i vostri cadaveri con i pugnali, siano annientati i vostri ba, siano calpestate le vostre ombre e siano tagliate le vostre teste. Voi non esistete, voi procedete a testa in giù.
Voi non vi sollevate perché siete caduti nelle vostre fosse.
Voi non sfuggirete, voi non fuggirete.
Il fuoco di “Colui che brucia un’infinità” è contro di voi, la brace di “Colei che è nel suo macello” è contro di voi, essa farà strage di voi e spargerà fra voi terrore.
Voi non vedrete i vivi che sono sulla terra, in eterno. Le dee sono in questo modo nella Duat. Il loro massacro è ordinato, ogni giorno, dalla maestà di Horus nella Duat”.
Nel Libro delle Caverne e nel Libro della Notte, l’ombra come il ba e l’akh, è dotata di esistenza autonoma, ciò non comporta l’idea di due concetti separati dell’ombra, se si considera che l’uomo non possiede un’anima vera e propria, ma qualcosa che è molto di più ed è composto di ba, akh e ombra.
L’ombra può rappresentare anche l’energia sessuale intesa come forza generatrice che ciascun uomo deve possedere, essendo necessaria per l’evoluzione spirituale della personalità.
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