Questo è un testo religioso che compare all’inizio della XVIII dinastia e descrive il mistero divino della rigenerazione del sole.
Ra, rappresenta il Tutto:
”Il dio unico che si è suddiviso in milioni di dei e ogni divinità deriva da lui”.
”Ra è colui le cui forme sono il suo divenire quando egli prende la forma del suo grande Disco”. Nella teologia del Nuovo Regno Ra è il dio che si è creato da solo e con il suo spirito ha dato vita al cielo e alla terra.
Dopo una breve introduzione, la Litania si apre con 75 invocazioni che il faraone doveva conoscere ed invocare per potersi unire a Ra. Ogni invocazione era una qualità o una manifestazione del dio.
Queste invocazioni erano formulate davanti a 75 figure dipinte sulle pareti della tomba all’inizio del primo corridoio o statuette poste nella sala del sarcofago.
Ra è chiamato con i 75 nomi che sono le sue forme (iru) ed esse si manifestano nei diversi dei. Ra per esempio ha la forma del cielo, cioè di Nut.
”Omaggio a Ra, potenza suprema, somma suprema di ciò che è in lui. Tu sei il corpo di Nut”.
Le prime 10 invocazioni parlano dei punti estremi della vita e della morte. Viene poi affrontata la creazione nella forma del dio Atum, il tutto, Khepri, il venire ad esistenza, Shu, l’aria, Tefnet l’umidità, Geb la terra, Nut il cielo, Iside e Nephti le due sorelle e Horo il fanciullo simboleggiante il nuovo ciclo.
Altre invocazioni mettono in risalto l’elemento “acqua” di Ra, il dio s’identifica con Nun, l’Abisso primordiale dal quale proviene, in seguito il dio con le lacrime dei suoi occhi crea l’umanità.
Viene ricordato “l’occhio divino” un appellativo del sole e della luna, altre invocazioni mettono in evidenza i due aspetti di Ra, quello solare e quello osiriaco.
Ra è considerato un uccello che visita le proprie forme nelle 75 caverne della Duat, il dio è implorato di condurre il defunto verso le due forme dell’aldilà, verso la camera nascosta di Osiri e di preparare la rinascita.
Dopo un saluto agli dei delle caverne il sovrano, già giudicato dal tribunale divino, è chiamato “colui che colpisce i suoi nemici”.
Segue un’altra preghiera con la quale si chiede a Ra di identificare il faraone a se stesso e di guidarlo nell’aldilà, proteggendolo dagli dei che tormentano i ba nella duat. La rinascita del re è identificata con Ra ed Osiride, il quale nasce dalla dea bovina Mehet-ueret.
Mentre gli dei lodano il re, la dea Hereset si appresta ad accoglierlo e con l’aiuto di Ra e Osiride, è introdotto nel santuario di Osiride, dove gli vengono svelati i misteri della Duat ed assimilato alle due divinità con il nome di: “il figlio di Ra, il nuovo Horo”.
Ora il sovrano riposa nella Duat ed è il successore di Ra, nonché il “bennu” misterioso, cioè l’airone azzurro.
Riposa “in cielo, nei campi di Ra”, e “all’orizzonte, nei Campi dei Giunchi. Attraversa la terra come Ra e pronunzia giudizi come Thot.
Il rituale, dopo un’altra invocazione all’Occidente, termina proclamando che il defunto è in cielo e in terra:
”Il suo ba appartiene al cielo e riposa colà, il suo corpo è per la terra, fra gli dei” ”Il cammino del re è come quello di Ra … egli viene in esistenza come Khepri. Egli rivive di ciò di cui tu vivi,in verità,in verità”.
Vi sono due litanie:
la “grande Litania” un testo raffigurato sulle pareti del primo corridoio di numerose tombe reali dalla XIX e XX dinastia.
La “piccola Litania” che conteneva 74 forme di Ra con testo un testo abbreviato, secondo lo studioso H.Grapow, forse era la base dalla quale si sviluppò l’altra versione.
Nella tomba di Thutmosi III, nella sala del sarcofago, dipinto sui pilastri troviamo il testo ridotto e 74 forme di Ra.
La “grande Litania” appare nelle tombe di Sethi I, Ramses II, Merenptah, Amenmesse, Sethi II, Ramses III e Ramses IX nella “Valle dei Re” e ad Abido nel tempio di Ramses II.
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